盾
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
|
盾 是一種保護裝置，用來中斷攻擊，常指持於手中的裝備，相對於裝甲或者防彈背心。
[编辑] 史前與古代最古老的盾是用來阻擋手持武器攻擊的保護物，例如劍、斧和錘，以及長距離武器，如矛和箭。隨著時間和地區轉移，盾已經演化出許多不同的種類。有些盾由金屬製成，但木頭或動物皮革所製的盾更為普遍，而且柳條甚至龜殼也曾被用於製盾。許多現存的金屬盾牌，大多都被認為是 儀式性質 多於實用性的，例如出土於青銅器時期的Yetholm-type shields和鐵器時期的Battersea shield. 尺寸和重量也有巨大變化，輕步兵依賴速度和出其不意，他們大多攜帶小而薄的輕盾。重裝部隊裝備大型重盾以保護身體的大部分。許多盾有一根帶子叫做en:guige，讓使用者在不用時或者在乘騎時掛於身後。在公元前14至13世紀，Sards 和 Shardana，擔任埃及法老－－拉美西斯二世的傭兵時，便是利用大型或小型圓盾對抗希泰族。古希臘的hoplites使用一種叫aspis的圓形、缽狀木質盾牌。另外有一種可以自己立起的盾被稱為pavise，它被中世紀的弩箭射手在重新裝箭時用來提供保護。 重裝的羅馬士兵（Roman legionaries）攜帶可提供更多保護的巨盾(scuta)，但是使迅速移動變得困難。 scutum的外形原為橢圓，但弧型的頂部及邊端逐漸地被切去以產生常見於早期帝國兵（Imperial legions），更為人熟悉的長方形狀。羅馬人用他們的盾牌創造了著名的龜殼狀防御陣式叫做testudo。於此戰陣中，整組士兵會緊緊包圍住，形成一個防禦盒狀以對抗投射物的攻擊，包括弓箭、矛及石塊。 許多古代盾牌的設計還擁有incuts of one sort of another特色。這能容許在盾上裝上並申出矛枝，從而有助於使出要求士兵緊密站攏而形成一面盾牆的戰術。 [编辑] 中世紀於中世紀早期，鳶盾在歐洲被廣泛使用。這種盾頂部呈圓形而底部呈錐形。它們容易於馬背上使用，而且亦使下馬時腿部移動得更容易。塔盾常用於前線士兵，通常用於持短矛的矛兵。最大型的盾幾乎有一人高，此外也更闊。這種盾在對抗遠程攻擊時能提供近乎完美的防御。不過，大多數更小的，每次已能夠保護約二分之三的身體。隨著單兵裝甲的提昇，騎士盾變得更小，引致heater shield style被泛用。鳶式和heater style shields 是以多層薄片木材製成，於橫截面會有微彎。 The heater style啓發出在今天仍廣泛使用的heraldic shield外形。最終， specialised shapes were developed such as the bouche — which had a 槍 rest cut into the upper corner of the lance side, to help guide it in combat or tournament. In time,有些裝甲步行騎兵放棄了盾，從而使用雙手劍以追求速度 。其它的骑士和步兵则选用buckler.Buckler 是一種小型圓盾，典型的直徑在8至16英尺之間，属于極少數金屬制的盾牌之一。体积小且质轻的buckler容易攜帶並掛於腰帶上；它并不能抵御投射物，通常留作肉搏战时使用。不過, buckler除了可以格挡肉搏武器外，还可以用来重击敌人。Bucklers 也被稱作punching shields, 因为通常士兵使用此盾重击敌人缺少头盔保护的鼻子，使对方晕眩然后短劍击杀。直到16世纪之前，buckler的使用仍很流行。在意大利, the targa, parma and rotella were utilized by common people, 劍士甚至騎士.盾高度上的改進是在 15世紀, 文艺复兴期间, and we can find above all Italian and German design. In length it measured from shoulder to knee, it was broad in the middle and tapering towards top and bottom. Thus it was lighter than the tower shield and hence easier for the bearer to wield a weapon without sacrificing protection. Shields continued in use even after gunpowder powered weapons made them nearly obsolete in the battlefield. In the 18th century, the Scottish clans used a small, heavy, round shield called a targe that was partially effective against the firearms of the time although it was arguably more often used against British infantry bayonets and cavalry swords in close-in fighting. 
In the 19th century, non-industrial cultures with little access to guns were still using shields. Zulu warriors carried large lightweight shields made from a single ox hide supported by a wooden spine, these were called Ishlangu. [1] This was used in combination with a short spear (assegai) and/or club. [编辑] 現代
盾牌在當作對抗武裝力量的攻擊時，仍然被世界各地許多的警察機關所利用。這些現代的盾牌通常為兩種非常不同的目的而準備。 第一種是用作riot control，可以以金屬或合成材料製造，如Lexan或Mylar。這些盾 typically offer protection from relatively large and low velocity projectiles, such as rocks and bottles as well as blows from fists or clubs. Synthetic riot shields are normally transparent, allowing full use of the shield without obstructing vision. Metal riot shields often have a small window at eye level for this purpose. The second type of modern police shield is typically manufactured from advanced synthetics such as kevlar and are designed to be bulletproof, or at least bullet resistant. These are typically employed by specialist police, such as SWAT teams, in high risk entry and siege scenarios, but are also used on a daily basis in many areas of the US. These riot shields are most commonly used to protect against shrapnel, projectiles, molotov cocktails and during hand-to-hand combat. Many non-martial devices also employ shields. Space craft have heat shields to ensure a safe re-entry. Electronics uses shielding to reduce electrical noise and crosstalk between signals. People and systems that must work in the presence of ionizing radiation are protected with shielding. Science fiction writers have imagined many futuristic shields, usually using force fields. These include personal shields, as in the Dune series, or larger ones for spacecraft as in 星艦奇航記. See shield (science fiction) for more. [编辑] 參考[编辑] 外部連結
|
