阿斯旺水坝
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阿斯旺是位于埃及境内尼罗河第一瀑布下的城市。两座大坝在此跨过尼罗河：新建的阿斯旺高坝和旧有的阿斯旺低坝。 由于沿河居住的人口，需要对洪水加以控制，保护农田和棉田。
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[编辑] 建设过程
英国人在1902年建成了旧坝，一个重力坝，1900米长，54米高。由于原设计的不足，旧坝在1907-1912年和1929-1933年两次加高。1946年洪水几乎漫坝，使得人们下定决心在上游6公里处建造新坝，而非再次加高旧坝。
纳赛尔革命后，在1952年开始了新坝的设计。起初美国答应就此贷款2.7亿美元，但由于埃及在1956年正式承认中华人民共和国，美国取消了这项资助。埃及政府因此计划用苏伊士运河的收入来继续这项工程。苏联在1958年介入，并提供了大约三分之一工程造价的资助，以及工程师和重型机械。
施工从1960年开始，1970年7月21日竣工。水库在1964年一期工程结束后开始蓄水，1976年达到设计高程。1960年在联合国教科文组织指导下，在库区展开了大规模的考古抢救工作，24项遗迹被迁移或赠送他国。
[编辑] 经济利益
阿斯旺高壩全長3,000米，底層寬度為980米，頂層寬度為40米，高111米，体积4,300萬立方米。最高每秒流量11,000立方米。水库，又名“纳赛尔湖”，长480公里，最宽处16公里，水域面积6,000平方公里，容积150到165立方公里。拥有12组175MW发电机，总功率为2,100MW。1967年开始发电，1998年发电量占埃及全国的15%。有效减小了1964、1973年的大洪水和1972-73，1983-84年的旱灾造成的危害。水库发展了渔业，由于离消费市场距离太远，渔业的收入并不高。
[编辑] 环境问题
除好處之外,然而,於尼羅河築壩亦導致了一定數量的環境問題。令尼羅河地區肥沃的泥沙停於水壩，導致(預期的)淤積水庫，最終使湖(大約500 年後) 汙塞至一個無用的存貯容器。 There is some erosion of farmland down-river. Erosion of coastline barriers, due to lack of new sediments from floods, will eventually cause loss of the brackish water lake fishery that is currently the largest source of fish for Egypt, and the subsidence of the Nile Delta will lead to inundation of northern portion of the delta with seawater, in areas which are now used for rice crops. The delta itself, no longer renewed by Nile silt has lost much of its fertility. The red-brick construction industry, which used delta mud, is also severely affected. There is significant erosion of coastlines (due to lack of sand, which was once brought by the Nile) all along the eastern Mediterranean.
The need to use artificial fertilizers supplied by international corporations is controversial too, causing chemical pollution which the traditional river silt did not. Indifferent irrigation control has also caused some farmland to be damaged by waterlogging and increased salinity, a problem complicated by the reduced flow of the river, which allows salt water further into the delta. Mediterranean fish stocks are also impacted by the dam. The eastern basin of the Mediterranean is low in fertility, and traditionally the marine ecosystem depended on the rich flow of phosphate and silicates from the Nile outflow. Mediterranean catches decreased by almost half after the dam was constructed, but appear to be recovering. The dam has been implicated in a rise in cases of schistosomiasis (bilharzia), due to the thick plant life that has grown up in Lake Nasser, which hosts the snails who carry the disease.
The construction of the dam also had a major political effect. Lake Nasser is huge, and almost all of Egypt's population lives in the Nile valley. This means that if the dam were to be destroyed, the resulting flood would effectively destroy Egypt completely. It has been rumoured that during the Yom Kippur War the dam – heavily defended by flak – was paint-bombed by Israeli Air Force aircraft, and it has been further suggested that this was a major factor in Anwar Sadat's decision to make peace with Israel at Camp David.
[编辑] 备忘
尼罗河上所筑的阿斯旺高坝，为世界七大水坝之一。它横截尼罗河水，高峡出平湖。高坝长3830米，高111米。1960年在原苏联援助下动工兴建，1971年建成，历时10年多，耗资约10亿美元，使用建筑材料4300万立方米，相当于大金字塔的17倍，是一项集灌溉、航运、发电的综合利用工程。高坝建成后，其南面形成一个群山环抱的人工湖。阿斯旺水库。湖长500多公里，平均宽10公里，面积5000平方公里,是世界第二大人工湖，深度和蓄水量则居世界第一。
阿斯旺大坝1960年破土动工，五年后大坝合龙,1967年阿斯旺（Aswan）大坝工程正式完工。这个大坝是当时世界上最大的高坝工程，它高一百一十二米、长五公里，将尼罗河拦腰切断，在高坝内形成了一个长六百五十公里、宽二十五公里的巨大水库－－纳赛尔湖。到1970年，大坝内安装的十二部水电发电机组全部投入运转。 http://baike.baidu.com/pic/39/11544077163459398_small.jpg
